Classical Arabic - English Dictionary

دَانَ, aor. يَدُونُ, inf. n. دَوْنٌ; andأُدِينَ↓, (Ṣ, Ḳ,) with damm, (Ḳ,) inf. n. إِدَانَةٌ; (Ṣ;) He, or it, was, or became, such as is termed دُونٌ; (Ṣ, Ḳ;) [i. e.] low, base, vile,, &c.: or weak: (Ḳ:) mentioned by Er-Rághib on the authority of IḲt: (TA:) so say some: but accord. to others, دُونٌ has no verb. (Ṣ, TA.) لَمْ يَدُنْ, (as in my copies of the Ṣ,) or لم يُدَنْ, (as in the TA,) at the end of a verse of 'Adee, as some relate it, [perhaps the only authority for these two verbs,] is accord. to others لم يدَنّْ, from دَنَّى meaning “he, or it, was, or became, weak.” (Ṣ, Ḳ.)

دوّن الدَّيوَانَ, (inf. n. تَدْوِينٌ, TA,) He wrote, composed, or drew up, the register [&c.]. (Ṣ,* Mṣb, Ḳ, TA.*) And دوّن الدَّوَاوِينَ He instituted, appointed, or arranged, the registers for the prefects, or administrators, (Mgh, Mṣb,) and the Kádees, (Mgh,) or others: (Mṣb:) said of ʼOmar; who is related to have been the first that did this, (Mgh, Mṣb,) among the Arabs. (Mṣb.) And دوّن الكُتُبَ He collected the writings. (Mgh.) [And دوّن شِعْرَ فُلَانٍ He collected the poetry of such a one.] And تَدْوِينٌ signifies also The writing [a person's name, &c.] in a دِيوَان [or register]. (KL.) You say, دوّنهُ He wrote it [in a register]. (MA.) [And He registered him.]

أُدِينَ, inf. n. إِدَانَةٌ: see 1.

مَا أَدْوَنَهُ [as meaning How low, base, vile,, &c., is he, or it!] is [asserted to be] a phrase not used, (Aṣ, T, Ḳ, TA,) because [it is said that] دُونٌ has no verb. (Aṣ, T, TA.)

تدوّن He was, or became, in a state of complete richness, wealth, or competence. (IAạr, T, Ḳ.) [See also تذوّن. Perhaps both are correct, as dial. vars.]

دُونً Low, base, vile, mean, paltry, inconsiderable, or contemptible; (Fr, T, Ṣ, M,* Mṣb, Ḳ;) applied to a man, &c.: (T, Mṣb:) and inferior, i. e. lower, baser, viler,, &c., in grounds of pretension to respect or honour [or in any approvable quality]: (Lth, T:) and such as falls short [of a thing]; used in this sense as a prefixed noun: (Ḥam p. 686:) [see below what is said of its usage as a prefixed noun by Lth and by Sb: and used as an epithet, scanty, or deficient; applied to anything:] and of a middling sort; between good and bad; applied to a man and to a commodity: (M:) and also high, or eminent, in rank or condition; noble, or honourable: (T, Ḳ:) thus it bears two contr. significations (Ḳ) [and significations intermediate between those two]. A poet says,

* إِذَا مَا عَلَا المَرْءُ رَامَ العَلَآء *

* وَيَقْتَعُ بِالدُّونِ مَنْ كَانَا دُونَا *

[When the man is high in rank, or nobility, he seeks highness: and he who is low is content with that which is low]. (Ṣ.) Accord. to the most common usage, (Mṣb,) or accord. to what is asserted to be the most common usage, (Lḥ, M,) one says رَجُلٌ مِنْ دُونٍ (T, M, Mṣb, Ḳ) and شَىْءٌ مِنْ دُونٍ (M, Mṣb) A man who is [of a kind that is] low, base,, &c., and a thing that is [of a kind that is] low, base,, &c.: (Mṣb:) but sometimes they said رَجُلٌ دُونٌ and شَىْءٌ دُونٌ, without مِنْ; (M, Mṣb;) and ثَوْبٌ دُونٌ a bad [or an inferior] garment, or piece of cloth: (M:) or one should not say رَجُلٌ دُونٌ; (T, Ḳ;) for the Arabs did not use this phrase. (T.) Accord. to Lth, one says, هٰذَا دُونُ ذَاكَ [This is the inferior of that], when meaning to denote by it low estimation, using the nom. case: (T:) [but this is uncommon, if allowable:] Sb says that دُون is not used in the nom. case as a prefixed noun: as to the saying in the Ḳur [lxxii. 11, an instance similar to which occurs also in vii. 167], مِنَّا الصَّالِحُونَ وَمِنَّا دُونَ ذٰلِكَ, the meaning is, وَمِنَّا قَوْمٌ دُونَ ذٰلِكَ [i. e. Of us are the righteous, and of us are a party below that party in rank or estimation]; (M, TA;) or, as another says, دون is here in the accus. case but in the place of a noun in the nom. case because it is generally used as an adv. n. (TA.)

As an adv. n., دُون signifies Below, contr. of فَوْق; (Ṣ, Ḳ;) as denoting a falling short of the [right or approved] limit; (Ṣ;) or denoting low, or mean, estimation or condition; (Lth, T, M;) or a condition lower, baser, viler,, &c., than that of another, in grounds of pretension to respect or honour [or in any approvable quality]; (Lth, T;) [and hence, inferior to, beneath, under, or short of, another in rank, height, size,, &c.;] and less than another, and more deficient than another: (Fr, T:) and also above; i. q. فَوْق; (T, Ḳ;) in highness, or eminence, of rank or condition, or in nobility; (T;) [and hence, exceeding another, and more than another:] thus bearing two contr. significations. (Ḳ.) You say, زَيْدٌ دُونَكَ meaning Zeyd is [below thee, or] in a condition lower, baser, viler,, &c., than thine, in grounds of pretension to respect or honour [&c.]: and when one says, “Verily such a one is high, or eminent, in rank or condition,” or “is noble,” another replies, وَدُونَ ذٰلِكَ meaning And above that. (T.)

Also Beneath, below in situation, or under; syn. تَحْت. (T, TA.) Using it in this sense, you say, دُوَن قَدَمِكَ خَدُّ عَدُوِّكَ [May the cheek of thine enemy be beneath thy foot]: (T, TA:) and جَلَسَ دُونَهُ [He sat below him]. (TA.)

Also Before in respect of place, or in front: and [the contr., namely,] behind, or beyond. (T, M, Ḳ.) [You may say, using it in the former sense, جَلَسَ دُونَهُ He sat before him, or in front of him: (see Ḥam p. 86:) and, using it in the latter sense,] you say, هٰذَا أَمِيرٌ عَلَى مَا دُونَ جَيْحُونَ This [man] is governor, or prince, over what is beyond [the river] Jeyhoon. (TA.)

And i. q. قَبْل [generally signifying Before in respect of time; but as some say, in respect of place also, which may perhaps be here meant]: (T:) and [the contr., namely,] i. q. بَعْد [generally meaning after in respect of time; but as some say, in respect of place also, which may perhaps be here meant]. (Fr, T, TA.)

It signifies also Nearer than another thing: (Ṣ, Mṣb, Ḳ:) so in the phrase هٰذَا دُونَ ذٰلِكَ [This is nearer than that]; (Ṣ Mṣb;) or هٰذَا دُونَهُ [this is nearer than he, or it]. (Ḳ.) [Hence,] one says also, اُدْنُ دُونَكَ meaning Draw thou near in the space that is between me and thee: (AHeyth, T:) [or approach thou nearer to me:] or draw thou near [or nearer] to me. (IAạr, T, M, Ḳ.) And يَزِيدُ بَغُضُّ الطَّرْفَ دُونِى, a saying of a poet, means Yezeed lowers the eye towards a spot between me and him. (AHeyth, T.) [خَشَعَتْ دُونَهُ الأَبْصَارُ, also, has a similar meaning: see 1 in art. خشع. So, too, has the phrase, خَاوَتَ طَرْفَهُ دُونِى: see 3 in art. خوت. And hence,] one says, دُونَ النَّهْرِ جَمَاعَةٌ [In the way of, or to, the river, or on this side of the river, or nearer than the river, is a company of men; or] before thy reaching the river [there is to be found, or encountered, a company of men]. (Ḳ.) And دُونَ قَتْلِ الأَسَدِ أَهْوَالٌ [In the way of, or to, the slaying of the lion, or] before thine attaining to the slaying of the lion, terrors [are to be encountered]. (T, TA.) [And دُونَهُ خَرْطُ القَتَادِ: see 1 in art. خرط.] And حَالَ دُونَ الشَّىْءِ [It intervened as an obstacle in the way to the thing; or] it prevented from attaining the thing. (W p. 71.) [And لَيْسَ دُونَهُ شَىْءٌ There is nothing intervening as an obstacle in the way of, or to, him, or it.] And [hence,] قُتِلَ دُونَ مَالِهِ, and نَفْسِهِ, and أَخِيهِ, and جَارِهِ, He was slain in defence of his property, and of himself, and of his brother, and of his neighbour. (Occurring in a trad. commencing with the words الغَرِيقُ شَهِيدٌ, in the “Jámiʼ eṣ-Ṣagheer,” and thus explained in the margin of a copy of that work.) [And نَبَحَ دُونَهُ is a modern phrase meaning † He defended him as though by barking in the way to him.]

[Hence,] also i. q. عَلَى [as meaning Against; denoting defence by means of intervention: see an ex. in a verse cited voce شَخْصٌ]. (Fr, T, TA.)

And i. q. عِنْدَ [meaning At, near, nigh, by, or near by; with, or present with;, &c.]. (Fr, T, Ibn-Es-Seed.) Accord. to Ez-Zowzanee, it has this meaning in the saying of Imra-el-Ḳeys, [describing a horse,]

* فَأَلْحَقَنَا بِالهَادِيَاتِ وَدُونَهُ *

* جَوَاحِرُهَا فِى صَرَّةٍ لَمْ تُزَيَّلِ *

(TA, but only the former hemistich is there given,) i. e. And he made us to overtake the foremost of the wild animals, while near to him were those that lagged behind, in a herd, not dispersed. (EM p. 48.)

And i. q. غَيْر [as meaning Other than, beside, or besides, exclusively of, or not as used before a substantive or an adjective]. (Ḳ.) Hence, in the Ḳur [xxi. 82], وَيَعْمَلُونَ عَمَلًا دُونَ ذٰلِكَ [And who should do work other than, or beside, that]. (Fr, TA.) And in the same [iv. 51 and 116], وَيَغْفِرُ مَا دُونَ ذٰلِكَ But He will forgive what is other than that: or, as some say, what is less than that. (Er-Rághib, TA.) And so, it is said, in the trad., لَيْسَ فِيمَا دُونَ خَمْسِ أَوَاقٍ صَدَقَةٌ [There is no poor-rate to be exacted in the case of what is other than, or not, or, rather less than, five ounces]. (Ḳ.) So, too, it is said to mean in the trad., أَجَازَ الخُلْعَ دُونَ عِقَاصِ رَأْسِهَا [He allowed the divorcing a wife for a gift, or compensation, other than the عِقَاص (q. v.) of her head: in the CK, in which الخَلْعُ is erroneously put for الخُلْعَ, this is given as an ex. of ذُونَ in the sense of سَوِى, which is syn. with غَيْر]: or the meaning is, for anything, even for the عقاص of her head. (Ḳ, TA.)

It is also used (M, Ḳ, TA) as a subst. (M, TA) with مِنْ prefixed to it, [very often in this case, in the Ḳur and elsewhere, as meaning غَيْر and sometimes in other senses explained above,] and likewise with بِ (M, Ḳ, TA,) though rarely. (Ḳ.) One says, هٰذَا دُونَكَ and هٰذَا مِنْ دُونِكَ [This is below thee, or above thee:, &c.]. (M, TA.) And it is said in the Ḳur [xxviii. 23], وَوَجَدَ مِنْ دُونِهِمُ ٱمْرَأَتَيْنِ (M, TA) And he found in a place below them two women: (Bḍ:) or beside them, or exclusively of them. (Jel.) One says also, هٰدَا لِىدُونَ لَكَ or مِنْ دُونِكَ [meaning This belongs to me exclusively of thee]; i. e. thou hast no right nor share [with me] in this. (Kull p. 186.) The phrase فِيهِمْ مَنْ لَيْسَ بِدُونِهِ [app. as meaning Among whom was such as was not below him in respect of knowledge of poetry] is used by Akh in his book on rhymes. (M, TA.)

It also denotes a command, (T, Ḳ,) and an incitement (Fr, T, Ṣ, Ḳ) to do a thing. (Ṣ.) Using it in the former sense, you say, دُونَكَ الدِّرْهَمَ, meaning Take thou the dirhem; (T;) or دُونَكَ الشَّىْءَ and دُونَكَ بِالشَّىْءِ, meaning Take thou the thing: (M:) and using it in the latter sense, you say, دُونَكَهُ, (Ṣ, Ḳ, TA,) meaning Keep thou, cleave thou, cling thou, or hold thou fast, to him; and take care of him: (TA:) or دُنَكَ زَيْدًا Keep thou,, &c., to Zeyd, taking care of him. (T.) Temeem [meaning a party of the tribe so named] said to El-Hajjáj, when he had slain, i. e. crucified, Sálih Ibn-ʼAbd-Er-Raḥmán, “Permit us to bury Sálih:” and he replied, دُونَكُمُوهُ [Take ye him]. (Ṣ, TA.)

And it also denotes a threat. (T, Ḳ.) So in the sayings دُوَكَ صِرَاعِى [Beware thou of wrestling with me] and دُونَكَ فَتَمَرَّسْ بِى [Beware thou, and then set thyself against me to do evil if thou canst]. (T, TA.)

It is said that no verb is derived from it: (T, Ṣ, M, Mṣb:) but some assert that دَانَ and أُدِينَ [mentioned in the first paragraph of this art.] are derived from it. (Ṣ.)

The dim. of دُونَ is دُوَيْنَ↓: (Ḥam p. 404:) andدُوَيْنَةَ↓ occurs as a dim. in a verse of a post-classical poet; but, [ISd says,] of what word I know not, unless they said دُونَةَ↓ [for دُونَ]. (M.)

دِيوَانٌ, an arabicized word, (AO, M, Mṣb, &c.,) from the Pers. [دِيوَانْ]; (AO, M, &c.;) [though some hold it to be of Arabic origin:] J says, (TA,) it is originally دِوَّانٌ, but ى is substituted for one of the و s; as is shown by its pl., (Ṣ, Mṣb,) which is دَوَاوِينُ; (Ṣ, M, Mṣb, Ḳ;) for if the ى were radical, they would say دَيَاوِينُ; (Ṣ;) but accord. to IDrd and IJ, (IB, TA,) it has this latter pl. also: (M, IB, Ḳ, TA:) Sb says that the و in دِيوَانٌ, though after ى, is not changed into ى, as it is in سَيِّدٌ, because the ى in the former word is not inherent; that word being of the measure فِعَّالٌ, from دَوَّنْتَ; (M;) [i. e.] it is from دَوَّنَ الكُتُبَ meaning “he collected the writings;” as is shown by their saying دُوَيْوِينٌ↓, (M,) which is the dim.: (Mṣb:) ISk says that ديوان is with kesr only [to the د]; (M;) but one says دَيْوَانٌ↓ also, (Ḳ,) which is mentioned by Ks, as post-classical, and by Sb; like بَيْطَارٌ: (M:) the meaning is A دَفْتَر [or register]: (Shifá el-Ghaleel, TA:) or a collection of written leaves or papers [forming a book, generally for registration]: (ISk, M, Mgh,* Ḳ:) or a register of accounts; an accountbook: (Mṣb:) and a register of soldiers and pensioners [and others]: (IAth, Ḳ:) the first who instituted, or appointed, or arranged, such a book, (Mgh, Mṣb, Ḳ,) among the Arabs, (Mṣb,) for the prefects, or administrators, (Mgh, Mṣb,) and the Kádees, (Mgh,) is said to have been ʼOmar: (Mgh, Mṣb, Ḳ:*) accord. to El-Máwardee, it is a register of what concerns the rights, or dues, of the state, relating to the acts of the government, and the finances, and the military and other administrators thereof: (TA:) then any book was thus called: and especially the poetry of some particular poet: so that this meaning became [conventionally regarded as] a proper signification thereof; (Shifá el-Ghaleel, TA;) i. e. a collection of poetry [of a particular poet]. (TA.) [Hence,] one says, فُلَانٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الدِّيوَانِ, meaning Such a one is of those whose names are written in the register. (Mgh.) [Also Such a one is of the keepers of the register; or, is of the registrars. (And sometimes it has another meaning, which see below.) And hence the saying] الشِّعْرُ دِيوَانُ العَرَبِ † [Poetry is the register of the Arabs]: because they used to refer to it on their differing in opinion respecting genealogies and wars or fights and the appointing of stipends or allowances from the government-treasury, like as the people of the ديوان [properly so called] refer to their ديوان in a case that is doubtful to them; or because it was the depository of their sciences, and the preserver of their rules of discipline, and the mine of their histories. (Ḥar p. 263.)

Afterwards, also, it was applied to signify An account, or a reckoning. (Mṣb, TA.)

And Writers [of accounts or reckonings]. (TA.)

And A place of account or reckoning, (Mṣb, TA,) and of writers [of accounts or reckonings] (TA.)

[Also A council, court, or tribunal: see دَسْتٌ. Hence أَهْلُ الدِّيوَانِ sometimes means The people of the council, court, or tribunal.]

[And also, in the present day, A long seat, formed of a mattress laid against the side of a room, upon the floor or upon a raised structure or frame, with cushions to lean against; or two or more of such mattresses, &c. similarly placed.]

ديوَانِىٌّ Of, or belonging to, a دِيوَان. (TA.)

أَدْوَنُ is used by IJ in the phrase ذٰلِكَ أَقَلٌّ الأَمْرَيْنِ وَأَدْوَنُهُمَا [That is the lesser of the two affairs, or cases, and the lower, baser,, &c., of them]: but [ISd says that] this is strange, because [he held that], like أَحْنَكَ, it has no verb belonging to it. (M.)